WIP

src/gaemstone.ECS/Component.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public static unsafe class ComponentExtensions
+public unsafe partial struct Entity<TContext>
 {
-	public static EntityRef InitComponent<T>(this EntityRef entity)
+	public Entity<TContext> InitComponent<T>()
 	{
 		if (typeof(T).IsPrimitive) throw new ArgumentException(
 			"Must not be primitive");
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ public static unsafe class ComponentExtensions
 
 		var size = typeof(T).IsValueType ? Unsafe.SizeOf<T>() : sizeof(ReferenceHandle);
 		var typeInfo = new ecs_type_info_t { size = size, alignment = size };
-		var componentDesc = new ecs_component_desc_t { entity = entity, type = typeInfo };
+		var componentDesc = new ecs_component_desc_t { entity = this, type = typeInfo };
-		ecs_component_init(entity.World, &componentDesc);
+		ecs_component_init(World, &componentDesc);
 
 		if (!typeof(T).IsValueType) {
 			// Set up component hooks for proper freeing of GCHandles.
@@ -29,75 +29,9 @@ public static unsafe class ComponentExtensions
 				move = new() { Data = new() { Pointer = &ReferenceHandle.Move } },
 				copy = new() { Data = new() { Pointer = &ReferenceHandle.Copy } },
 			};
-			ecs_set_hooks_id(entity.World, entity, &typeHooks);
+			ecs_set_hooks_id(World, this, &typeHooks);
 		}
 
-		return entity;
+		return CreateLookup<T>();
-	}
-}
-
-public unsafe readonly struct ReferenceHandle
-	: IDisposable
-{
-	public static int NumActiveHandles { get; private set; }
-
-
-	private readonly nint _value;
-
-	public object? Target => (_value != default)
-		? ((GCHandle)_value).Target : null;
-
-	private ReferenceHandle(nint value)
-		=> _value = value;
-
-	public static ReferenceHandle Alloc(object? target)
-	{
-		if (target == null) return default;
-		NumActiveHandles++;
-		return new((nint)GCHandle.Alloc(target));
-	}
-
-	public ReferenceHandle Clone()
-		=> Alloc(Target);
-
-	public void Dispose()
-	{
-		if (_value == default) return;
-		NumActiveHandles--;
-		((GCHandle)_value).Free();
-	}
-
-
-	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
-	internal static void Construct(void* ptr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
-		=> new Span<ReferenceHandle>(ptr, count).Clear();
-
-	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
-	internal static void Destruct(void* ptr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
-	{
-		var span = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(ptr, count);
-		foreach (var handle in span) handle.Dispose();
-		span.Clear();
-	}
-
-	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
-	internal static void Move(void* dstPtr, void* srcPtr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
-	{
-		var dst = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(dstPtr, count);
-		var src = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(srcPtr, count);
-		foreach (var handle in dst) handle.Dispose();
-		src.CopyTo(dst);
-		src.Clear();
-	}
-
-	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
-	internal static void Copy(void* dstPtr, void* srcPtr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
-	{
-		var dst = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(dstPtr, count);
-		var src = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(srcPtr, count);
-		for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-			dst[i].Dispose();
-			dst[i] = src[i].Clone();
-		}
 	}
 }

src/gaemstone.ECS/Entity+Bare.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using System;
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS;
+
+public readonly partial struct Entity
+	: IEquatable<Entity>
+{
+	public static readonly Entity None = default;
+
+	public readonly ecs_entity_t Value;
+	public uint NumericId => (uint)Value.Data;
+
+	public bool IsSome => Value.Data != 0;
+	public bool IsNone => Value.Data == 0;
+
+	public Entity(ecs_entity_t value) => Value = value;
+
+	public bool Equals(Entity other) => Value.Data == other.Value.Data;
+	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => (obj is Entity other) && Equals(other);
+	public override int GetHashCode() => Value.Data.GetHashCode();
+	public override string? ToString()
+		=> IsSome ? $"Entity({Value.Data.Data})"
+		          :  "Entity.None";
+
+	public static bool operator ==(Entity left, Entity right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator !=(Entity left, Entity right) => !left.Equals(right);
+
+	public static implicit operator Id          (Entity e) => new(e.Value.Data);
+	public static implicit operator ecs_entity_t(Entity e) => e.Value;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t    (Entity e) => e.Value.Data;
+
+	public static implicit operator Term  (Entity entity) => new(entity);
+	public static implicit operator TermId(Entity entity) => new(entity);
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Entity.cs

@@ -1,32 +1,162 @@
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public readonly struct Entity
+public unsafe readonly partial struct Entity<TContext>
-	: IEquatable<Entity>
+	: IEquatable<Entity<TContext>>
 {
-	public static readonly Entity None = default;
+	public static readonly Entity<TContext> None = default;
 
-	public readonly ecs_entity_t Value;
+	public readonly World<TContext> World;
-	public uint Id => (uint)Value.Data;
+	public readonly Entity Value;
 
-	public bool IsSome => Value.Data != 0;
+	public uint NumericId => Value.NumericId;
-	public bool IsNone => Value.Data == 0;
+	public bool IsNone    => Value.IsNone;
+	public bool IsSome    => Value.IsSome;
 
-	public Entity(ecs_entity_t value) => Value = value;
+	public bool IsValid => EntityAccess.IsValid(World, this);
+	public bool IsAlive => EntityAccess.IsAlive(World, this);
 
-	public bool Equals(Entity other) => Value.Data == other.Value.Data;
+	public string? Name	  { get => EntityAccess.GetName(World, this);   set => EntityAccess.SetName(World, this, value); }
-	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => (obj is Entity other) && Equals(other);
+	public string? Symbol { get => EntityAccess.GetSymbol(World, this); set => EntityAccess.SetSymbol(World, this, value); }
-	public override int GetHashCode() => Value.Data.GetHashCode();
+
+	public EntityPath Path => EntityPath.From(World, this);
+	public EntityType<TContext> Type => new(World, ecs_get_type(World, this));
+
+	public Entity<TContext>? Parent
+		=> GetOrNull(World, GetTargets(FlecsBuiltIn.ChildOf).FirstOrDefault());
+	public IEnumerable<Entity<TContext>> Children
+		=> Iterator<TContext>.FromTerm(World, new(FlecsBuiltIn.ChildOf, this)).GetAllEntities();
+
+
+	private Entity(World<TContext> world, Entity value)
+		{ World = world; Value = value; }
+
+	public static Entity<TContext> GetOrInvalid(World<TContext> world, Entity value)
+		=> new(world, value);
+	public static Entity<TContext>? GetOrNull(World<TContext> world, Entity value)
+		=> ecs_is_valid(world, value) ? new(world, value) : null;
+	public static Entity<TContext> GetOrThrow(World<TContext> world, Entity value)
+		=> ecs_is_valid(world, value) ? new(world, value) : throw new InvalidOperationException($"The entity {value} is not valid");
+
+	public void Delete()
+		=> ecs_delete(World, this);
+
+
+	public Entity<TContext> CreateLookup<T>()
+	{
+		ref var lookup = ref Lookup<TContext>.Entity<T>.Value;
+		if (lookup.IsSome) throw new InvalidOperationException(
+			$"The lookup for type {typeof(T)} in context {typeof(TContext)} is already in use by {lookup}");
+		lookup = this;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> NewChild(EntityPath? path = null)
+		=> World.New(path?.ThrowIfAbsolute(), this);
+	public Entity<TContext>? LookupChildOrNull(EntityPath path)
+		=> World.LookupPathOrNull(path.ThrowIfAbsolute(), this);
+	public Entity<TContext> LookupChildOrThrow(EntityPath path)
+		=> World.LookupPathOrThrow(path.ThrowIfAbsolute()!, this);
+
+
+	public Entity<TContext> ChildOf(Entity parent)
+		=> Add(FlecsBuiltIn.ChildOf, parent);
+
+	public bool IsDisabled => Has(FlecsBuiltIn.Disabled);
+	public Entity<TContext> Disable() => Add(FlecsBuiltIn.Disabled);
+	public Entity<TContext> Enable()  => Remove(FlecsBuiltIn.Disabled);
+
+
+	public Entity<TContext> Add(Id id) { EntityAccess.Add(World, this, id); return this; }
+	public Entity<TContext> Add(string symbol) => Add(World.LookupSymbolOrThrow(symbol));
+	public Entity<TContext> Add(Entity relation, Entity target) => Add(Id.Pair(relation, target));
+	public Entity<TContext> Add<TEntity>() => Add(World.Entity<TEntity>());
+	public Entity<TContext> Add<TRelation>(Entity target) => Add(World.Entity<TRelation>(), target);
+	public Entity<TContext> Add<TRelation, TTarget>() => Add(World.Entity<TRelation>(), World.Entity<TTarget>());
+
+	public Entity<TContext> Remove(Id id) { EntityAccess.Remove(World, this, id); return this; }
+	public Entity<TContext> Remove(string symbol) => Remove(World.LookupSymbolOrThrow(symbol));
+	public Entity<TContext> Remove(Entity relation, Entity target) => Remove(Id.Pair(relation, target));
+	public Entity<TContext> Remove<TEntity>() => Remove(World.Entity<TEntity>());
+	public Entity<TContext> Remove<TRelation>(Entity target) => Remove(World.Entity<TRelation>(), target);
+	public Entity<TContext> Remove<TRelation, TTarget>() => Remove(World.Entity<TRelation>(), World.Entity<TTarget>());
+
+	public bool Has(Id id) => EntityAccess.Has(World, this, id);
+	public bool Has(string symbol) => Has(World.LookupSymbolOrThrow(symbol));
+	public bool Has(Entity relation, Entity target) => Has(Id.Pair(relation, target));
+	public bool Has<TEntity>() => Has(World.Entity<TEntity>());
+	public bool Has<TRelation>(Entity target) => Has(World.Entity<TRelation>(), target);
+	public bool Has<TRelation, TTarget>() => Has(World.Entity<TRelation>(), World.Entity<TTarget>());
+
+
+	public T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged => EntityAccess.GetOrNull<T>(World, this, id);
+	public T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id, T _ = null!) where T : class => EntityAccess.GetOrNull<T>(World, this, id);
+	public T GetOrThrow<T>(Id id) => EntityAccess.GetOrThrow<T>(World, this, id);
+	public ref T GetMut<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged => ref EntityAccess.GetMut<T>(World, this, id);
+	public ref T GetRefOrNull<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged => ref EntityAccess.GetRefOrNull<T>(World, this, id);
+	public ref T GetRefOrThrow<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged => ref EntityAccess.GetRefOrThrow<T>(World, this, id);
+
+	public Entity<TContext> Modified(Id id) { EntityAccess.Modified(World, this, id); return this; }
+	public Entity<TContext> Set<T>(Id id, in T value) where T : unmanaged { EntityAccess.Set(World, this, id, value); return this; }
+	public Entity<TContext> Set<T>(Id id, T value) where T : class { EntityAccess.Set(World, this, id, value); return this; }
+
+
+	public T? GetOrNull<T>() where T : unmanaged => GetOrNull<T>(World.Entity<T>());
+	public T? GetOrNull<T>(T _ = null!) where T : class => GetOrNull<T>(World.Entity<T>());
+	public T GetOrThrow<T>() => GetOrThrow<T>(World.Entity<T>());
+	public ref T GetMut<T>() where T : unmanaged => ref GetMut<T>(World.Entity<T>());
+	public ref T GetRefOrNull<T>() where T : unmanaged => ref GetRefOrNull<T>(World.Entity<T>());
+	public ref T GetRefOrThrow<T>() where T : unmanaged => ref GetRefOrThrow<T>(World.Entity<T>());
+
+	public Entity<TContext> Modified<T>() => Modified(World.Entity<T>());
+	public Entity<TContext> Set<T>(in T value) where T : unmanaged => Set(World.Entity<T>(), value);
+	public Entity<TContext> Set<T>(T value) where T : class => Set(World.Entity<T>(), value);
+
+
+	public IEnumerable<Entity<TContext>> GetTargets(Entity relation)
+	{
+		foreach (var entity in EntityAccess.GetTargets(World, this, relation))
+			yield return new(World, entity);
+	}
+	public IEnumerable<Entity<TContext>> GetTargets(string symbol)
+		=> GetTargets(World.LookupSymbolOrThrow(symbol));
+	public IEnumerable<Entity<TContext>> GetTargets<TRelation>()
+		=> GetTargets(World.Entity<TRelation>());
+
+
+	public bool Equals(Entity<TContext> other)
+	{
+#if DEBUG
+		// In DEBUG mode, we additionally check if the worlds the two compared
+		// values are from the same world. This accounts for the world being a
+		// stage, hence why it might not be the cheapest operation.
+		if (World != other.World) throw new ArgumentException(
+			"The specified values are not from the same world");
+#endif
+		return Value == other.Value;
+	}
+	public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+		=> (obj is Entity<TContext> other) && Equals(other);
+	public override int GetHashCode()
+		=> Value.GetHashCode();
 	public override string? ToString()
-		=> IsSome ? $"Entity({Value.Data.Data})"
+		=> Value.ToString();
-		          :  "Entity.None";
+
+	public static bool operator ==(Entity<TContext> left, Entity<TContext> right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator !=(Entity<TContext> left, Entity<TContext> right) => !left.Equals(right);
+
+	public static implicit operator Entity      (Entity<TContext> entity) => entity.Value;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_entity_t(Entity<TContext> entity) => entity.Value.Value;
 
-	public static bool operator ==(Entity left, Entity right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static implicit operator Id<TContext>(Entity<TContext> entity) => Id<TContext>.GetUnsafe(entity.World, entity);
-	public static bool operator !=(Entity left, Entity right) => !left.Equals(right);
+	public static implicit operator Id          (Entity<TContext> entity) => new(entity.Value.Value.Data);
+	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t    (Entity<TContext> entity) => entity.Value.Value.Data;
 
-	public static implicit operator ecs_entity_t(Entity e) => e.Value;
+	public static implicit operator Term  (Entity<TContext> entity) => new(entity.Value);
-	public static implicit operator Id(Entity e) => new(e.Value.Data);
+	public static implicit operator TermId(Entity<TContext> entity) => new(entity.Value);
-	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t(Entity e) => e.Value.Data;
 }

src/gaemstone.ECS/EntityBase.cs

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-namespace gaemstone.ECS;
-
-// TODO: Turn this into an interface?
-public abstract class EntityBase<TReturn>
-{
-	public abstract World World { get; }
-
-	public abstract TReturn Add(Id id);
-	public abstract TReturn Remove(Id id);
-	public abstract bool Has(Id id);
-
-	public TReturn Add(string symbol) => Add(World.LookupBySymbolOrThrow(symbol));
-	public TReturn Add(Entity relation, Entity target) => Add(Id.Pair(relation, target));
-
-	public TReturn Remove(string symbol) => Remove(World.LookupBySymbolOrThrow(symbol));
-	public TReturn Remove(Entity relation, Entity target) => Remove(Id.Pair(relation, target));
-
-	public bool Has(string symbol) => Has(World.LookupBySymbolOrThrow(symbol));
-	public bool Has(Entity relation, Entity target) => Has(Id.Pair(relation, target));
-
-	public abstract T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged;
-	public abstract T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id, T _ = null!) where T : class;
-	public abstract T GetOrThrow<T>(Id id);
-	public abstract ref T GetMut<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged;
-	public abstract ref T GetRefOrNull<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged;
-	public abstract ref T GetRefOrThrow<T>(Id id) where T : unmanaged;
-	public abstract void Modified<T>(Id id);
-
-	public abstract TReturn Set<T>(Id id, in T value) where T : unmanaged;
-	public abstract TReturn Set<T>(Id id, T obj) where T : class;
-
-	public TReturn ChildOf(Entity parent) => Add(World.ChildOf, parent);
-
-	public TReturn Disable() => Add(World.Disabled);
-	public TReturn Enable() => Remove(World.Disabled);
-	public bool IsDisabled => Has(World.Disabled);
-}

src/gaemstone.ECS/EntityBuilder.cs

@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+using static gaemstone.ECS.Internal.FlecsBuiltIn;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public class EntityBuilder
+public class EntityBuilder<TContext>
-	: EntityBase<EntityBuilder>
 {
-	public override World World { get; }
+	public World<TContext> World { get; }
 
 	/// <summary> Set to modify existing entity (optional). </summary>
-	public Entity Id { get; set; }
+	public Entity<TContext> Id { get; set; }
 
 	/// <summary>
 	/// Path of the entity. If no entity is provided, an entity with this path
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ public class EntityBuilder
 	/// function name, where these identifiers differ from the name they are
 	/// registered with in flecs.
 	/// </summary>
-	public EntityBuilder Symbol(string symbol) { _symbol = symbol; return this; }
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Symbol(string symbol) { _symbol = symbol; return this; }
 	private string? _symbol = null;
 
 	/// <summary>
@@ -45,45 +46,56 @@ public class EntityBuilder
 	public string? Expression { get; }
 
 	/// <summary> Actions to run once the entity has been created. </summary>
-	private readonly List<Action<EntityRef>> _toSet = new();
+	private readonly List<Action<Entity>> _toSet = new();
 
-	public EntityBuilder(World world, EntityPath? path = null)
+	public EntityBuilder(World<TContext> world, EntityPath? path = null)
 		{ World = world; Path = path; }
 
-	public override EntityBuilder Add(Id id)
+	public EntityBuilder(World<TContext> world, Entity parent, EntityPath? path = null)
+		: this(world, path)
 	{
-		// If adding a ChildOf relation, store the parent separately.
+		// If given path is absolute, the new entity won't be created as a
-		if (new IdRef(World, id).AsPair() is (EntityRef relation, EntityRef target) &&
+		// child of the specified parent. Alternatively, EntityRef.NewChild
-			(relation == World.ChildOf)) { _parent = target; return this; }
+		// can be used, which will throw when an absolute path is given.
+		if ((path?.IsRelative != false) && parent.IsSome) Add(ChildOf, parent);
+	}
 
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Add(Id id)
+	{
+		// If adding a ChildOf relation, store the parent separately.
+		if (id.RelationUnsafe == ChildOf)
+			{ _parent = id.TargetUnsafe; return this; }
 		if (_toAdd.Count == 31) throw new NotSupportedException(
 			"Must not add more than 31 Ids at once with EntityBuilder");
 		_toAdd.Add(id);
-
 		return this;
 	}
-	public override EntityBuilder Remove(Id id)
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Add(string symbol)
-		=> throw new NotSupportedException();
+		=> Add(World.LookupSymbolOrThrow(symbol));
-	public override bool Has(Id id)
+
-		=> !id.IsWildcard ? _toAdd.Contains(id)
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Add<TEntity>()
-			: throw new NotSupportedException(); // TODO: Support wildcard.
+		=> Add(World.Entity<TEntity>());
-
+
-	public override T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Add(Entity relation, Entity target)
-	public override T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id, T _ = null!) where T : class => throw new NotSupportedException();
+		=> Add(World.Pair(relation, target));
-	public override T GetOrThrow<T>(Id id) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Add<TRelation>(Entity target)
-	public override ref T GetMut<T>(Id id) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+		=> Add(World.Pair<TRelation>(target));
-	public override ref T GetRefOrNull<T>(Id id) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Add<TRelation, TTarget>()
-	public override ref T GetRefOrThrow<T>(Id id) => throw new NotSupportedException();
+		=> Add(World.Pair<TRelation, TTarget>());
-	public override void Modified<T>(Id id) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
-
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Set<T>(Id id, in T value) where T : unmanaged
-	public override EntityBuilder Set<T>(Id id, in T value)
 		// "in" can't be used with lambdas, so we make a local copy.
-		{ var copy = value; _toSet.Add(e => e.Set(id, copy)); return this; }
+		{ var copy = value; _toSet.Add(e => EntityAccess.Set(World, e, id, copy)); return this; }
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Set<T>(Id id, T value) where T : class
+		{ _toSet.Add(e => EntityAccess.Set(World, e, id, value)); return this; }
+
 
-	public override EntityBuilder Set<T>(Id id, T obj)
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Set<T>(in T value) where T : unmanaged
-		{ _toSet.Add(e => e.Set(id, obj)); return this; }
+		=> Set(World.Entity<T>(), value);
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> Set<T>(T value) where T : class
+		=> Set(World.Entity<T>(), value);
 
-	public unsafe EntityRef Build()
+	public unsafe Entity<TContext> Build()
 	{
 		var parent = _parent;
 
@@ -91,7 +103,7 @@ public class EntityBuilder
 			if (parent.IsSome && Path.IsAbsolute) throw new InvalidOperationException(
 				"Entity already has parent set (via ChildOf), so path must not be absolute");
 			// If path specifies more than just a name, ensure the parent entity exists.
-			if (Path.Count > 1) parent = EntityPath.EnsureEntityExists(World, parent, Path.Parent!);
+			if (Path.Count > 1) parent = EntityPath.EnsureEntityExists(World, Path.Parent!, parent);
 		}
 
 		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
@@ -105,11 +117,11 @@ public class EntityBuilder
 		};
 
 		var add = desc.add; var index = 0;
-		if (parent.IsSome) add[index++] = ECS.Id.Pair(World.ChildOf, parent);
+		if (parent.IsSome) add[index++] = World.Pair(ChildOf, parent);
 		foreach (var id in _toAdd) add[index++] = id;
 
 		var entityId = ecs_entity_init(World, &desc);
-		var entity   = new EntityRef(World, new(entityId));
+		var entity   = Entity<TContext>.GetOrInvalid(World, new(entityId));
 		foreach (var action in _toSet) action(entity);
 
 		return entity;

src/gaemstone.ECS/EntityPath.cs

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Text;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
+// TODO: Redo this with a single UTF8 byte array.
 public class EntityPath
 {
 	private readonly byte[][] _parts;
@@ -48,6 +50,26 @@ public class EntityPath
 			return bytes;
 		}).ToArray()) {  }
 
+	public static unsafe EntityPath From(World world, Entity entity)
+	{
+		var parts = new List<byte[]>(32);
+
+		do {
+			var name = ecs_get_name(world, entity).FlecsToBytes();
+			if (name != null) parts.Add(name);
+			else {
+				// If name is not set, use the numeric Id, instead.
+				var id = entity.NumericId.ToString();
+				var bytes = new byte[Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(id) + 1];
+				Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(id, bytes);
+				parts.Add(bytes);
+			}
+		} while ((entity = new(ecs_get_target(world, entity, EcsChildOf, 0))).IsSome);
+
+		parts.Reverse();
+		return new(true, parts.ToArray());
+	}
+
 	public static bool TryParse(string str, [NotNullWhen(true)] out EntityPath? result)
 	{
 		result = null;
@@ -106,6 +128,10 @@ public class EntityPath
 	// 		throw new ArgumentException($"Must not contain {Rune.GetUnicodeCategory(rune)} character");
 	// }
 
+	public EntityPath ThrowIfAbsolute()
+		=> IsRelative ? this : throw new InvalidOperationException(
+			$"Path '{this}' must not be absolute");
+
 	public string[] GetParts()
 	{
 		var result = new string[Count];
@@ -135,7 +161,7 @@ public class EntityPath
 
 
 	internal static unsafe Entity Lookup(
-		World world, Entity parent, EntityPath path, bool throwOnNotFound)
+		World world, EntityPath path, Entity parent, bool throwOnNotFound)
 	{
 		var start = path.IsAbsolute ? Entity.None               // If path is absolute, ignore parent and use root.
 		          : parent.IsNone   ? new(ecs_get_scope(world)) // If no parent is specified, use the current scope.
@@ -145,14 +171,13 @@ public class EntityPath
 		foreach (var part in path)
 			fixed (byte* ptr = part.AsSpan()) {
 				current = new(ecs_lookup_child(world, current, ptr));
-				if (current.IsSome && ecs_is_alive(world, current)) continue;
+				if (current.IsNone || !ecs_is_alive(world, current)) {
-				if (!throwOnNotFound) return Entity.None;
+					if (!throwOnNotFound) return Entity.None;
-
+					else throw new EntityNotFoundException(
-				var startStr = EntityRef.CreateOrNull(world, start)?.GetFullPath().ToString() ?? start.ToString();
+						  start.IsNone      ? $"Entity at '{path}' not found"
-				throw new World.EntityNotFoundException(
+						: (start == parent) ? $"Child entity of '{From(world, start)}' at '{path}' not found"
-					   start.IsNone     ? $"Entity at '{path}' not found"
+						                    : $"Entity at scope '{From(world, start)}' at '{path}' not found");
-					: (start == parent) ? $"Child entity of '{startStr}' at '{path}' not found"
+				}
-					                    : $"Entity at scope '{startStr}' at '{path}' not found");
 			}
 
 		return current;
@@ -160,7 +185,7 @@ public class EntityPath
 
 	/// <summary> Used by <see cref="EntityBuilder.Build"/>. </summary>
 	internal static unsafe Entity EnsureEntityExists(
-		World world, Entity parent, EntityPath path)
+		World world, EntityPath path, Entity parent)
 	{
 		// If no parent is specified and path is relative, use the current scope.
 		if (parent.IsNone && path.IsRelative) parent = new(ecs_get_scope(world));
@@ -170,7 +195,7 @@ public class EntityPath
 			fixed (byte* ptr = part.AsSpan())
 				if (skipLookup || (parent = new(ecs_lookup_child(world, parent, ptr))).IsNone) {
 					var desc = new ecs_entity_desc_t { name = ptr, sep = CStringExtensions.ETX };
-					if (parent.IsSome) desc.add[0] = Id.Pair(world.ChildOf, parent);
+					if (parent.IsSome) desc.add[0] = Id.Pair(FlecsBuiltIn.ChildOf, parent);
 					parent = new(ecs_entity_init(world, &desc));
 					skipLookup = true;
 				}
@@ -179,30 +204,6 @@ public class EntityPath
 	}
 }
 
-public static class EntityPathExtensions
-{
-	public static unsafe EntityPath GetFullPath(this EntityRef entity)
-	{
-		var current = (Entity)entity;
-		var parts   = new List<byte[]>(32);
-
-		do {
-			var name = ecs_get_name(entity.World, current).FlecsToBytes();
-			if (name != null) parts.Add(name);
-			else {
-				// If name is not set, use the numeric Id, instead.
-				var id = current.Id.ToString();
-				var bytes = new byte[Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(id) + 1];
-				Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(id, bytes);
-				parts.Add(bytes);
-			}
-		} while ((current = new(ecs_get_target(entity.World, current, EcsChildOf, 0))).IsSome);
-
-		parts.Reverse();
-		return new(true, parts.ToArray());
-	}
-}
-
 public readonly ref struct UTF8View
 {
 	private readonly ReadOnlySpan<byte> _bytes;

src/gaemstone.ECS/EntityRef.cs

@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
-using static flecs_hub.flecs;
-
-namespace gaemstone.ECS;
-
-public unsafe class EntityRef
-	: EntityBase<EntityRef>
-	, IEquatable<EntityRef>
-{
-	public override World World { get; }
-	public Entity Entity { get; }
-	public uint Id => Entity.Id;
-
-	public bool IsAlive => ecs_is_alive(World, this);
-	public EntityType Type => new(World, ecs_get_type(World, this));
-
-	public string? Name {
-		get => ecs_get_name(World, this).FlecsToString()!;
-		set { using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
-		      ecs_set_name(World, this, alloc.AllocateCString(value)); }
-	}
-	public string? Symbol {
-		get => ecs_get_symbol(World, this).FlecsToString()!;
-		set { using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
-		      ecs_set_symbol(World, this, alloc.AllocateCString(value)); }
-	}
-
-
-	private EntityRef(World world, Entity entity, bool throwOnInvalid)
-	{
-		if (throwOnInvalid && !ecs_is_valid(world, entity))
-			throw new InvalidOperationException($"The entity {entity} is not valid");
-		World  = world;
-		Entity = entity;
-	}
-
-	public EntityRef(World world, Entity entity)
-		: this(world, entity, true) {  }
-
-	public static EntityRef? CreateOrNull(World world, Entity entity)
-		=> ecs_is_valid(world, entity) ? new(world, entity) : null;
-
-
-	public void Delete()
-		=> ecs_delete(World, this);
-
-	public EntityBuilder NewChild(EntityPath? path = null)
-		=> World.New(this, EnsureRelativePath(path));
-	public EntityRef? LookupChild(EntityPath path)
-		=> World.LookupByPath(this, EnsureRelativePath(path)!);
-	public EntityRef LookupChildOrThrow(EntityPath path)
-		=> World.LookupByPathOrThrow(this, EnsureRelativePath(path)!);
-
-	private static EntityPath? EnsureRelativePath(EntityPath? path)
-	{
-		if (path?.IsAbsolute == true) throw new ArgumentException(
-			$"Path '{path}' must not be absolute", nameof(path));
-		return path;
-	}
-
-
-	public EntityRef? Parent
-		=> GetTargets(World.ChildOf).FirstOrDefault();
-
-	// TODO: Change to property after all?
-	public IEnumerable<EntityRef> GetChildren()
-	{
-		foreach (var iter in Iterator.FromTerm(World, new(World.ChildOf, this)))
-			for (var i = 0; i < iter.Count; i++)
-				yield return iter.Entity(i);
-	}
-
-
-	public override EntityRef Add(Id id) { ecs_add_id(World, this, id); return this; }
-	public override EntityRef Remove(Id id) { ecs_remove_id(World, this, id); return this; }
-	public override bool Has(Id id) => ecs_has_id(World, this, id);
-
-	public override T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id)
-	{
-		var ptr = ecs_get_id(World, this, id);
-		return (ptr != null) ? Unsafe.Read<T>(ptr) : null;
-	}
-
-	public override T? GetOrNull<T>(Id id, T _ = null!)
-		where T : class
-	{
-		var ptr = ecs_get_id(World, this, id);
-		return (T?)Unsafe.Read<ReferenceHandle>(ptr).Target;
-	}
-
-	public override T GetOrThrow<T>(Id id)
-	{
-		var ptr = ecs_get_id(World, this, id);
-		if (ptr == null) throw new Exception($"Component {typeof(T)} not found on {this}");
-		if (typeof(T).IsValueType) return Unsafe.Read<T>(ptr);
-		else return (T)Unsafe.Read<ReferenceHandle>(ptr).Target!;
-	}
-
-	public override ref T GetRefOrNull<T>(Id id)
-	{
-		var @ref = ecs_ref_init_id(World, this, id);
-		var ptr  = ecs_ref_get_id(World, &@ref, id);
-		return ref (ptr != null) ? ref Unsafe.AsRef<T>(ptr)
-		                         : ref Unsafe.NullRef<T>();
-	}
-
-	public override ref T GetRefOrThrow<T>(Id id)
-	{
-		ref var ptr = ref GetRefOrNull<T>(id);
-		if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref ptr)) throw new Exception(
-			$"Component {typeof(T)} not found on {this}");
-		return ref ptr;
-	}
-
-	public override ref T GetMut<T>(Id id)
-	{
-		var ptr = ecs_get_mut_id(World, this, id);
-		// NOTE: Value is added if it doesn't exist on the entity.
-		return ref Unsafe.AsRef<T>(ptr);
-	}
-
-	public override void Modified<T>(Id id)
-		=> ecs_modified_id(World, this, id);
-
-	public override EntityRef Set<T>(Id id, in T value)
-	{
-		var size = (ulong)Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
-		fixed (T* ptr = &value)
-			if (ecs_set_id(World, this, id, size, ptr).Data == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException();
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	public override EntityRef Set<T>(Id id, T obj) where T : class
-	{
-		if (obj == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(obj));
-		var size = (ulong)sizeof(ReferenceHandle);
-		// Dispose this handle afterwards, since Flecs clones it.
-		using var handle = ReferenceHandle.Alloc(obj);
-		if (ecs_set_id(World, this, id, size, &handle).Data == 0)
-			throw new InvalidOperationException();
-		return this;
-	}
-
-	private EntityRef? GetTarget(Entity relation, int index)
-		=> CreateOrNull(World, new(ecs_get_target(World, this, relation, index)));
-	public IEnumerable<EntityRef> GetTargets(Entity relation)
-		{ var index = 0; while (GetTarget(relation, index++) is EntityRef target) yield return target; }
-	public IEnumerable<EntityRef> GetTargets(string symbol)
-		=> GetTargets(World.LookupBySymbolOrThrow(symbol));
-
-	public bool Equals(EntityRef? other) => (other is not null) && (World == other.World) && (Entity == other.Entity);
-	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => Equals(obj as EntityRef);
-	public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(World, Entity);
-	public override string? ToString() => ecs_entity_str(World, this).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
-
-	public static bool operator ==(EntityRef? left, EntityRef? right) => ReferenceEquals(left, right) || (left?.Equals(right) ?? false);
-	public static bool operator !=(EntityRef? left, EntityRef? right) => !(left == right);
-
-	public static implicit operator Entity(EntityRef? e) => e?.Entity ?? default;
-	public static implicit operator ecs_entity_t(EntityRef? e) => e?.Entity.Value ?? default;
-
-	public static implicit operator Id(EntityRef? e) => new(e?.Entity.Value.Data ?? default);
-	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t(EntityRef? e) => e?.Entity.Value.Data ?? default;
-}

src/gaemstone.ECS/EntityType.cs

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 using System.Collections;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public unsafe readonly struct EntityType
+public unsafe readonly struct EntityType<TContext>
-	: IReadOnlyList<IdRef>
+	: IReadOnlyList<Id<TContext>>
 {
-	public World World { get; }
+	public readonly World<TContext> World;
-	public ecs_type_t* Handle { get; }
+	public readonly ecs_type_t* Handle;
 
-	public EntityType(World world, ecs_type_t* handle)
+	public EntityType(World<TContext> world, ecs_type_t* handle)
 		{ World = world; Handle = handle; }
 
 	public override string ToString()
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ public unsafe readonly struct EntityType
 
 	// IReadOnlyList implementation
 	public int Count => Handle->count;
-	public IdRef this[int index] => new(World, new(Handle->array[index]));
+	public Id<TContext> this[int index]
-	public IEnumerator<IdRef> GetEnumerator() { for (var i = 0; i < Count; i++) yield return this[i]; }
+		=> Id<TContext>.GetUnsafe(World, new(Handle->array[index]));
+	public IEnumerator<Id<TContext>> GetEnumerator()
+		{ for (var i = 0; i < Count; i++) yield return this[i]; }
 	IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
 }

src/gaemstone.ECS/Exceptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS;
+
+public class EntityNotFoundException
+	: Exception
+{
+	public EntityNotFoundException(string message)
+		: base(message) {  }
+}
+
+public class ComponentNotFoundException
+	: Exception
+{
+	public ComponentNotFoundException(string message)
+		: base(message) {  }
+}
+
+public class FlecsException
+	: Exception
+{
+	public FlecsException() : base() {  }
+	public FlecsException(string message) : base(message) {  }
+}
+
+public class FlecsAbortException
+	: FlecsException
+{
+	internal FlecsAbortException()
+		: base("Abort was called by flecs") {  }
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Filter.cs

@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public unsafe class Filter
+public unsafe class Filter<TContext>
 	: IDisposable
 {
-	public World World { get; }
+	public World<TContext> World { get; }
 	public ecs_filter_t* Handle { get; }
 
-	public Iterator.Variable? ThisVar { get {
+	public Variable? ThisVar { get {
 		var index = ecs_filter_find_this_var(this);
 		return (index >= 0) ? new(index, "This") : null;
 	} }
 
-	internal Filter(World world, ecs_filter_t* handle)
+	internal Filter(World<TContext> world, ecs_filter_t* handle)
 		{ World = world; Handle = handle; }
 
-	public Filter(World world, FilterDesc desc)
+	public Filter(World<TContext> world, FilterDesc desc)
 	{
 		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
 		var flecsDesc = desc.ToFlecs(alloc);
@@ -31,13 +31,22 @@ public unsafe class Filter
 	public void Dispose()
 		=> ecs_filter_fini(this);
 
-	public Iterator Iter()
+	public FilterIterator<TContext> Iter()
-		=> new(World, IteratorType.Filter, ecs_filter_iter(World, this));
+		=> new(ecs_filter_iter(World, this));
 
 	public override string ToString()
 		=> ecs_filter_str(World, this).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
 
-	public static implicit operator ecs_filter_t*(Filter q) => q.Handle;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_filter_t*(Filter<TContext> filter) => filter.Handle;
+}
+
+public unsafe class FilterIterator<TContext>
+	: Iterator<TContext>
+{
+	internal FilterIterator(ecs_iter_t value)
+		: base(value) {  }
+	public override bool Next()
+		=> ecs_filter_next(Handle);
 }
 
 public class FilterDesc

src/gaemstone.ECS/Id+Bare.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+using System;
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS;
+
+public readonly struct Id
+	: IEquatable<Id>
+{
+	public readonly ecs_id_t Value;
+	public IdFlags Flags => (IdFlags)(Value & ECS_ID_FLAGS_MASK);
+
+	public bool IsPair     => ecs_id_is_pair(this);
+	public bool IsWildcard => ecs_id_is_wildcard(this);
+
+	public Entity RelationUnsafe => new(new() { Data = (Value & ECS_COMPONENT_MASK) >> 32 });
+	public Entity TargetUnsafe   => new(new() { Data =  Value & ECS_ENTITY_MASK });
+
+	public Id(ecs_id_t value) => Value = value;
+
+	public static Id Pair(Entity relation, Entity target)
+		=> new(ecs_make_pair(relation, target));
+
+	public bool Equals(Id other) => Value.Data == other.Value.Data;
+	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => (obj is Id other) && Equals(other);
+	public override int GetHashCode() => Value.Data.GetHashCode();
+	public override string? ToString()
+		=> (Flags != default) ? $"Id({Value.Data}, Flags={Flags})"
+		                      : $"Id({Value.Data})";
+
+	public static bool operator ==(Id left, Id right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator !=(Id left, Id right) => !left.Equals(right);
+
+	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t(Id id) => id.Value;
+
+	public static implicit operator Term(Id id) => new(id);
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Id.cs

@@ -1,41 +1,66 @@
 using System;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public readonly struct Id
+public unsafe struct Id<TContext>
-	: IEquatable<Id>
+	: IEquatable<Id<TContext>>
 {
-	public readonly ecs_id_t Value;
+	public readonly World<TContext> World;
-	public IdFlags Flags => (IdFlags)(Value & ECS_ID_FLAGS_MASK);
+	public readonly Id Value;
 
-	public bool IsPair     => ecs_id_is_pair(this);
+	public IdFlags Flags      => Value.Flags;
-	public bool IsWildcard => ecs_id_is_wildcard(this);
+	public bool    IsPair     => Value.IsPair;
+	public bool    IsWildcard => Value.IsWildcard;
 
-	public Entity RelationUnsafe => new(new() { Data = (Value & ECS_COMPONENT_MASK) >> 32 });
+	public bool IsValid => ecs_id_is_valid(World, this);
-	public Entity TargetUnsafe   => new(new() { Data =  Value & ECS_ENTITY_MASK });
+	public bool IsTag   => ecs_id_is_tag(World, this).Data != default;
+	public bool IsInUse => ecs_id_in_use(World, this);
+	public int  Count   => ecs_count_id(World, this);
 
-	public Id(ecs_id_t value) => Value = value;
+	private Id(World<TContext> world, Id id)
+		{ World = world; Value = id; }
 
-	public static Id Combine(IdFlags flags, Id id)
+	public static Id<TContext> GetUnsafe(World<TContext> world, Id value)
-		=> new((ulong)flags | id.Value);
+		=> new(world, value);
+	public static Id<TContext>? GetOrNull(World<TContext> world, Id value)
+		=> ecs_id_is_valid(world, value) ? new(world, value) : null;
+	public static Id<TContext> GetOrThrow(World<TContext> world, Id value)
+		=> ecs_id_is_valid(world, value) ? new(world, value) : throw new InvalidOperationException($"The id {value} is not valid");
 
-	public static Id Pair(Entity relation, Entity target)
+	public Entity<TContext>? AsEntity()
-		=> Combine(IdFlags.Pair, new(
+		=> !IsPair ? World.LookupAliveOrNull(new Entity(new() { Data = Value })) : null;
-			((relation.Value.Data << 32) & ECS_COMPONENT_MASK) |
+	public (Entity<TContext> Relation, Entity<TContext> Target)? AsPair()
-			(   target.Value.Data        & ECS_ENTITY_MASK   )));
+		=> IsPair && (World.LookupAliveOrNull(Value.RelationUnsafe) is Entity<TContext> relation) &&
+		             (World.LookupAliveOrNull(Value.TargetUnsafe  ) is Entity<TContext> target  )
+			? (relation, target) : null;
 
-	public bool Equals(Id other) => Value.Data == other.Value.Data;
+	public bool Equals(Id<TContext> other)
-	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => (obj is Id other) && Equals(other);
+	{
-	public override int GetHashCode() => Value.Data.GetHashCode();
+#if DEBUG
+		// In DEBUG mode, we additionally check if the worlds the two compared
+		// values are from the same world. This accounts for the world being a
+		// stage, hence why it might not be the cheapest operation.
+		if (World != other.World) throw new ArgumentException(
+			"The specified values are not from the same world");
+#endif
+		return Value == other.Value;
+	}
+	public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+		=> (obj is Id<TContext> other) && Equals(other);
+	public override int GetHashCode()
+		=> Value.GetHashCode();
 	public override string? ToString()
-		=> (Flags != default) ? $"Id({Value.Data}, Flags={Flags})"
+		=> ecs_id_str(World, this).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
-		                      : $"Id({Value.Data})";
 
-	public static bool operator ==(Id left, Id right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator ==(Id<TContext> left, Id<TContext> right) =>  left.Equals(right);
-	public static bool operator !=(Id left, Id right) => !left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator !=(Id<TContext> left, Id<TContext> right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
-	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t(Id i) => i.Value;
+	public static implicit operator Id      (Id<TContext> id) => id.Value;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t(Id<TContext> id) => id.Value.Value;
+
+	public static implicit operator Term(Id<TContext> id) => new(id.Value);
 }
 
 [Flags]

src/gaemstone.ECS/IdRef.cs

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
-using static flecs_hub.flecs;
-
-namespace gaemstone.ECS;
-
-public unsafe class IdRef
-	: IEquatable<IdRef>
-{
-	public World World { get; }
-	public Id Id { get; }
-	public IdFlags Flags => Id.Flags;
-
-	public bool IsPair     => Id.IsPair;
-	public bool IsWildcard => Id.IsWildcard;
-
-	public bool IsValid => ecs_id_is_valid(World, this);
-	public bool IsInUse => ecs_id_in_use(World, this);
-	public int  Count   => ecs_count_id(World, this);
-
-	public IdRef(World world, Id id)
-		{ World = world; Id = id; }
-
-	public static IdRef Combine(IdFlags flags, IdRef id)
-		=> new(id.World, Id.Combine(flags, id));
-
-	public static IdRef Pair(World world, Entity relation, Entity target)
-		=> new(world, Id.Pair(relation, target));
-	public static IdRef Pair(EntityRef relation, Entity target)
-		=> Pair(relation.World, relation, target);
-	public static IdRef Pair(Entity relation, EntityRef target)
-		=> Pair(target.World, relation, target);
-	public static IdRef Pair(EntityRef relation, EntityRef target)
-		=> Pair(relation.World, relation, target);
-
-	public EntityRef? AsEntity()
-		=> (Flags == default) ? World.LookupAlive(new Entity(new() { Data = Id })) : null;
-	public (EntityRef Relation, EntityRef Target)? AsPair()
-		=> IsPair && (World.LookupAlive(Id.RelationUnsafe) is EntityRef relation) &&
-		             (World.LookupAlive(Id.TargetUnsafe  ) is EntityRef target  )
-			? (relation, target) : null;
-
-	public bool Equals(IdRef? other) => (other is not null) && (World == other.World) && (Id == other.Id);
-	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => Equals(obj as IdRef);
-	public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(World, Id);
-	public override string? ToString() => ecs_id_str(World, this).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
-
-	public static bool operator ==(IdRef? left, IdRef? right) => ReferenceEquals(left, right) || (left?.Equals(right) ?? false);
-	public static bool operator !=(IdRef? left, IdRef? right) => !(left == right);
-
-	public static implicit operator Id(IdRef i) => i.Id;
-	public static implicit operator ecs_id_t(IdRef i) => i.Id.Value;
-}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Internal/EntityAccess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+
+public unsafe static class EntityAccess
+{
+	public static bool IsValid(World world, Entity entity)
+		=> ecs_is_valid(world, entity);
+	public static bool IsAlive(World world, Entity entity)
+		=> ecs_is_alive(world, entity);
+
+	public static string? GetName(World world, Entity entity)
+		=> ecs_get_name(world, entity).FlecsToString()!;
+	public static void SetName(World world, Entity entity, string? value)
+		{ using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use(); ecs_set_name(world, entity, alloc.AllocateCString(value)); }
+
+	public static string? GetSymbol(World world, Entity entity)
+		=> ecs_get_symbol(world, entity).FlecsToString()!;
+	public static void SetSymbol(World world, Entity entity, string? value)
+		{ using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use(); ecs_set_symbol(world, entity, alloc.AllocateCString(value)); }
+
+
+	public static void Add(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		=> ecs_add_id(world, entity, id);
+	public static void Remove(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		=> ecs_remove_id(world, entity, id);
+	public static bool Has(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		=> ecs_has_id(world, entity, id);
+
+
+	public static IEnumerable<Entity> GetTargets(World world, Entity entity, Entity relation)
+	{
+		Entity GetTarget(int index)
+			=> new(ecs_get_target(world, entity, relation, index));
+		for (var i = 0; GetTarget(i) is { IsSome: true } target; i++)
+			yield return target;
+	}
+
+
+	public static T? GetOrNull<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		where T : unmanaged
+	{
+		var ptr = ecs_get_id(world, entity, id);
+		return (ptr != null) ? Unsafe.Read<T>(ptr) : null;
+	}
+
+	public static T? GetOrNull<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id, T _ = null!)
+		where T : class
+	{
+		var ptr = ecs_get_id(world, entity, id);
+		return (T?)Unsafe.Read<ReferenceHandle>(ptr).Target;
+	}
+
+	public static T GetOrThrow<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+	{
+		var ptr = ecs_get_id(world, entity, id);
+		if (ptr == null) throw new ComponentNotFoundException($"Component {id} not found on {entity}");
+		if (typeof(T).IsValueType) return Unsafe.Read<T>(ptr);
+		else return (T)Unsafe.Read<ReferenceHandle>(ptr).Target!;
+	}
+
+	public static ref T GetMut<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		where T : unmanaged
+	{
+		var ptr = ecs_get_mut_id(world, entity, id);
+		// NOTE: Value is added if it doesn't exist on the entity.
+		return ref Unsafe.AsRef<T>(ptr);
+	}
+
+	public static ref T GetRefOrNull<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		where T : unmanaged
+	{
+		var @ref = ecs_ref_init_id(world, entity, id);
+		var ptr  = ecs_ref_get_id(world, &@ref, id);
+		return ref (ptr != null) ? ref Unsafe.AsRef<T>(ptr)
+		                         : ref Unsafe.NullRef<T>();
+	}
+
+	public static ref T GetRefOrThrow<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		where T : unmanaged
+	{
+		ref var ptr = ref GetRefOrNull<T>(world, entity, id);
+		if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref ptr)) throw new Exception(
+			$"Component {typeof(T)} not found on {entity}");
+		return ref ptr;
+	}
+
+
+	public static void Modified(World world, Entity entity, Id id)
+		=> ecs_modified_id(world, entity, id);
+
+	public static Entity Set<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id, in T value)
+		where T : unmanaged
+	{
+		var size = (ulong)Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
+		fixed (T* ptr = &value)
+			if (ecs_set_id(world, entity, id, size, ptr).Data == 0)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException();
+		return entity;
+	}
+
+	public static Entity Set<T>(World world, Entity entity, Id id, T value)
+		where T : class
+	{
+		if (value == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value));
+		var size = (ulong)sizeof(ReferenceHandle);
+		// Dispose entity handle afterwards, since Flecs clones it.
+		using var handle = ReferenceHandle.Alloc(value);
+		if (ecs_set_id(world, entity, id, size, &handle).Data == 0)
+			throw new InvalidOperationException();
+		return entity;
+	}
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Internal/FlecsBuiltIn.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+
+public static class FlecsBuiltIn
+{
+	public static Entity ChildOf { get; } = new(pinvoke_EcsChildOf());
+
+	// FIXME: Hopefully flecs-cs will expose this one day.
+	public static Entity Disabled { get; } = new(new() { Data = ECS_HI_COMPONENT_ID + 7 });
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Internal/Iterator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+
+public unsafe class Iterator
+	: IDisposable
+{
+	public ecs_iter_t* Handle;
+	private readonly bool _handleIsOwned;
+
+	public World World => new(Handle->world);
+	public int Count => Handle->count;
+
+	public IteratorFlags Flags => (IteratorFlags)(uint)Handle->flags;
+	public bool IsValid => (Flags & IteratorFlags.IsValid) != 0;
+
+	public TimeSpan DeltaTime       => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Handle->delta_time);
+	public TimeSpan DeltaSystemTime => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Handle->delta_system_time);
+
+	public Iterator(ecs_iter_t* handle)
+	{
+		Handle = handle;
+		_handleIsOwned = false;
+	}
+	public Iterator(ecs_iter_t value)
+	{
+		Handle = GlobalHeapAllocator.Instance.AllocateCopy(value);
+		_handleIsOwned = true;
+	}
+
+	public void Dispose()
+	{
+		if (Handle == null) return;
+
+		// When an iterator is iterated until completion,
+		// ecs_iter_fini will be called automatically.
+		if (IsValid) ecs_iter_fini(Handle);
+
+		if (_handleIsOwned)
+			GlobalHeapAllocator.Instance.Free(Handle);
+		Handle = null;
+	}
+
+
+	public Entity GetVar(Variable var)
+		=> new(ecs_iter_get_var(Handle, var.Index));
+	public Iterator SetVar(Variable var, Entity entity)
+		{ ecs_iter_set_var(Handle, var.Index, entity); return this; }
+
+
+	public virtual bool Next()
+		=> ecs_iter_next(Handle);
+
+	public Entity First()
+		=> new(ecs_iter_first(Handle));
+
+	public IEnumerable<Entity> GetAllEntities()
+	{
+		while (Next())
+			for (var i = 0; i < Count; i++)
+				yield return Entity(i);
+	}
+
+
+	public bool FieldIsSet(int index)
+		=> ecs_field_is_set(Handle, index);
+	public Id FieldId(int index)
+		=> new(ecs_field_id(Handle, index));
+	public bool FieldIs(int index, Id id)
+		=> ecs_field_id(Handle, index) == id.Value;
+
+
+	public Entity Entity(int index)
+		=> new(Handle->entities[index]);
+
+	public Span<T> Field<T>(int index)
+		where T : unmanaged
+	{
+		var size    = (ulong)Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
+		var isSelf  = ecs_field_is_self(Handle, index);
+		var pointer = ecs_field_w_size(Handle, size, index);
+		return new(pointer, isSelf ? Count : 1);
+	}
+	public Span<T> FieldOrEmpty<T>(int index) where T : unmanaged
+		=> FieldIsSet(index) ? Field<T>(index) : Span<T>.Empty;
+
+	public SpanToRef<T> Field<T>(int index, T _ = null!) where T : class
+		=> new(Field<ReferenceHandle>(index));
+	public SpanToRef<T> FieldOrEmpty<T>(int index, T _ = null!) where T : class
+		=> FieldIsSet(index) ? Field<T>(index) : SpanToRef<T>.Empty;
+
+
+	public override string ToString()
+		=> ecs_iter_str(Handle).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
+}
+
+public readonly ref struct SpanToRef<T>
+	where T : class
+{
+	public static SpanToRef<T> Empty => default;
+	private readonly Span<ReferenceHandle> _span;
+	public int Length => _span.Length;
+	public T this[int index] => (T)_span[index].Target!;
+	public T? GetOrNull(int index) => ((index >= 0) && (index < Length)) ? this[index] : null;
+	internal SpanToRef(Span<ReferenceHandle> span) => _span = span;
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Internal/Lookup.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+
+internal static class Lookup<TContext>
+{
+	internal static class Entity<T>
+	{
+		public static Entity Value;
+	}
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Iterator.cs

@@ -1,154 +1,86 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Linq;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public unsafe class Iterator
+public unsafe class Iterator<TContext> : Iterator
-	: IEnumerable<Iterator>
+	, IEnumerable<Iterator<TContext>>
-	, IDisposable
 {
-	public World World { get; }
+	public new World<TContext> World => new(base.World);
-	public IteratorType? Type { get; }
-	public ecs_iter_t Value;
 
-	public bool Completed { get; private set; }
+	public Iterator(ecs_iter_t* handle) : base(handle) {  }
-	public int Count => Value.count;
+	public Iterator(ecs_iter_t value)   : base(value) {  }
-	public TimeSpan DeltaTime       => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Value.delta_time);
-	public TimeSpan DeltaSystemTime => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Value.delta_system_time);
 
-	public Iterator(World world, IteratorType? type, ecs_iter_t value)
+	public static TermIterator<TContext> FromTerm(World world, Term term)
-		{ World = world; Type = type; Value = value; }
-
-	public static Iterator FromTerm(World world, Term term)
 	{
 		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
 		var flecsTerm = term.ToFlecs(alloc);
 		var flecsIter = ecs_term_iter(world, &flecsTerm);
-		return new(world, IteratorType.Term, flecsIter);
+		return new(flecsIter);
-	}
-
-	public void Dispose()
-	{
-		// When an iterator is iterated until completion,
-		// ecs_iter_fini will be called automatically.
-		if (!Completed)
-			fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-				ecs_iter_fini(ptr);
-	}
-
-
-	public EntityRef GetVar(Variable var)
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-			return new(World, new(ecs_iter_get_var(ptr, var.Index)));
-	}
-
-	public Iterator SetVar(Variable var, Entity entity)
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-			ecs_iter_set_var(ptr, var.Index, entity);
-		return this;
-	}
-
-
-	public bool Next()
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value) {
-			var result = Type switch {
-				IteratorType.Term   => ecs_term_next(ptr),
-				IteratorType.Filter => ecs_filter_next(ptr),
-				IteratorType.Query  => ecs_query_next(ptr),
-				IteratorType.Rule   => ecs_rule_next(ptr),
-				_ => ecs_iter_next(ptr),
-			};
-			Completed = !result;
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-
-
-	public bool FieldIsSet(int index)
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-			return ecs_field_is_set(ptr, index);
-	}
-
-	public bool FieldIs(int index, Id id)
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-			return ecs_field_id(ptr, index) == id.Value;
-	}
-
-	public IdRef FieldId(int index)
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-			return new(World, new(ecs_field_id(ptr, index)));
 	}
 
+	public new Entity<TContext>? GetVar(Variable var)
+		=> Entity<TContext>.GetOrNull(World, base.GetVar(var));
+	public new Iterator<TContext> SetVar(Variable var, Entity entity)
+		=> (Iterator<TContext>)base.SetVar(var, entity);
 
-	public EntityRef Entity(int index)
+	public new IEnumerable<Entity<TContext>> GetAllEntities()
-		=> new(World, new(Value.entities[index]));
+		=> base.GetAllEntities().Select(e => Entity<TContext>.GetOrInvalid(World, e));
 
-	public Span<T> Field<T>(int index)
+	public new Id<TContext> FieldId(int index)
-		where T : unmanaged
+		=> Id<TContext>.GetUnsafe(World, base.FieldId(index));
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value) {
-			var size    = (ulong)Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
-			var isSelf  = ecs_field_is_self(ptr, index);
-			var pointer = ecs_field_w_size(ptr, size, index);
-			return new(pointer, isSelf ? Count : 1);
-		}
-	}
 
-	public SpanToRef<T> Field<T>(int index, T _ = null!) where T : class
+	public new Entity<TContext> Entity(int index)
-		=> new(Field<ReferenceHandle>(index));
+		=> Entity<TContext>.GetOrInvalid(World, base.Entity(index));
-
-	public Span<T> FieldOrEmpty<T>(int index) where T : unmanaged
-		=> FieldIsSet(index) ? Field<T>(index) : Span<T>.Empty;
-
-	public SpanToRef<T> FieldOrEmpty<T>(int index, T _ = null!) where T : class
-		=> FieldIsSet(index) ? Field(index, _) : SpanToRef<T>.Empty;
-
-
-	public override string ToString()
-	{
-		fixed (ecs_iter_t* ptr = &Value)
-			return ecs_iter_str(ptr).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
-	}
 
 	// IEnumerable implementation
-	public IEnumerator<Iterator> GetEnumerator() { while (Next()) yield return this; }
+	public virtual IEnumerator<Iterator<TContext>> GetEnumerator()
-	IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => GetEnumerator();
+		{ while (Next()) yield return this; }
-
+	IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+		=> GetEnumerator();
+}
 
-	public class Variable
+[Flags]
-	{
+public enum IteratorFlags : uint
-		public int Index { get; }
+{
-		public string Name { get; }
+	/// <summary> Does iterator contain valid result. </summary>
-		public Variable(int index, string name)
+	IsValid        = EcsIterIsValid,
-			{ Index = index; Name = name; }
+	/// <summary> Is iterator filter (metadata only). </summary>
-	}
+	IsFilter       = EcsIterIsFilter,
+	/// <summary> Is iterator instanced. </summary>
+	IsInstanced    = EcsIterIsInstanced,
+	/// <summary> Does result have shared terms. </summary>
+	HasShared      = EcsIterHasShared,
+	/// <summary> Result only populates table. </summary>
+	TableOnly      = EcsIterTableOnly,
+	/// <summary> Treat terms with entity subject as optional. </summary>
+	EntityOptional = EcsIterEntityOptional,
+	/// <summary> Iterator has no results. </summary>
+	NoResults      = EcsIterNoResults,
+	/// <summary> Only evaluate non-this terms. </summary>
+	IgnoreThis     = EcsIterIgnoreThis,
+
+	MatchVar       = EcsIterMatchVar,
+}
 
-	public readonly ref struct SpanToRef<T>
+public class Variable
-		where T : class
+{
-	{
+	public int Index { get; }
-		public static SpanToRef<T> Empty => default;
+	public string Name { get; }
-		private readonly Span<ReferenceHandle> _span;
+	public Variable(int index, string name)
-		public int Length => _span.Length;
+		{ Index = index; Name = name; }
-		public T this[int index] => (T)_span[index].Target!;
-		public T? GetOrNull(int index) => ((index >= 0) && (index < Length)) ? this[index] : null;
-		internal SpanToRef(Span<ReferenceHandle> span) => _span = span;
-	}
 }
 
-public enum IteratorType
+public unsafe class TermIterator<TContext>
+	: Iterator<TContext>
 {
-	Term,
+	internal TermIterator(ecs_iter_t value)
-	Filter,
+		: base(value) {  }
-	Query,
+	public override bool Next()
-	Rule,
+		=> ecs_term_next(Handle);
 }

src/gaemstone.ECS/Observer.cs

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
 public static class ObserverExtensions
 {
-	public static unsafe EntityRef InitObserver(this EntityRef entity,
+	public static unsafe Entity<TContext> InitObserver<TContext>(this Entity<TContext> entity,
-		FilterDesc filter, Action<Iterator> callback, params Entity[] events)
+		FilterDesc filter, Action<Iterator<TContext>> callback, params Entity[] events)
 	{
 		if (events.Length == 0) throw new ArgumentException("Must specify at least 1 event", nameof(events));
 		if (events.Length >  8) throw new ArgumentException("Must specify at most 8 events", nameof(events));
@@ -25,7 +26,9 @@ public static class ObserverExtensions
 		var span = desc.events;
 		for (var i = 0; i < events.Length; i++)
 			span[i] = events[i];
-		return new(world, new(ecs_observer_init(world, &desc)));
+		if (ecs_observer_init(world, &desc).Data == default)
+			throw new InvalidOperationException();
+		return entity;
 	}
 
 	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ public static class ObserverExtensions
 	{
 		var (world, callback) = CallbackContextHelper
 			.Get<(World, Action<Iterator>)>((nint)iter->binding_ctx);
-		callback(new Iterator(world, null, *iter));
+		callback(new Iterator(iter));
 	}
 
 	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]

src/gaemstone.ECS/Query.cs

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 using System;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public unsafe class Query
+public unsafe class Query<TContext>
 	: IDisposable
 {
-	public World World { get; }
+	public World<TContext> World { get; }
 	public ecs_query_t* Handle { get; }
-	public Filter Filter { get; }
+	public Filter<TContext> Filter { get; }
 
-	public Iterator.Variable? ThisVar => Filter.ThisVar;
+	public Variable? ThisVar => Filter.ThisVar;
 
-	public Query(World world, QueryDesc desc)
+	public Query(World<TContext> world, QueryDesc desc)
 	{
 		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
 		var flecsDesc = desc.ToFlecs(alloc);
@@ -25,13 +25,22 @@ public unsafe class Query
 	public void Dispose()
 		=> ecs_query_fini(this);
 
-	public Iterator Iter()
+	public QueryIterator<TContext> Iter()
-		=> new(World, IteratorType.Query, ecs_query_iter(World, this));
+		=> new(ecs_query_iter(World, this));
 
 	public override string ToString()
 		=> ecs_query_str(Handle).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
 
-	public static implicit operator ecs_query_t*(Query q) => q.Handle;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_query_t*(Query<TContext> query) => query.Handle;
+}
+
+public unsafe class QueryIterator<TContext>
+	: Iterator<TContext>
+{
+	internal QueryIterator(ecs_iter_t value)
+		: base(value) {  }
+	public override bool Next()
+		=> ecs_query_next(Handle);
 }
 
 public class QueryDesc : FilterDesc
@@ -39,10 +48,10 @@ public class QueryDesc : FilterDesc
 	public QueryDesc(params Term[] terms) : base(terms) {  }
 	public QueryDesc(string expression) : base(expression) {  }
 
-	public new unsafe ecs_query_desc_t ToFlecs(IAllocator allocator)
+	public new unsafe ecs_query_desc_t ToFlecs(IAllocator alloc)
 	{
 		var desc = new ecs_query_desc_t {
-			filter = base.ToFlecs(allocator),
+			filter = base.ToFlecs(alloc),
 			// TODO: Implement more Query features.
 		};
 		return desc;

src/gaemstone.ECS/Rule.cs

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public unsafe class Rule
+public unsafe class Rule<TContext>
 	: IDisposable
 {
-	public World World { get; }
+	public World<TContext> World { get; }
 	public ecs_rule_t* Handle { get; }
-	public Filter Filter { get; }
+	public Filter<TContext> Filter { get; }
 
 	private VariableCollection? _variables;
 	public VariableCollection Variables => _variables ??= new(this);
-	public Iterator.Variable? ThisVar => Filter.ThisVar;
+	public Variable? ThisVar => Filter.ThisVar;
 
-	public Rule(World world, FilterDesc desc)
+	public Rule(World<TContext> world, FilterDesc desc)
 	{
 		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
 		var flecsDesc = desc.ToFlecs(alloc);
@@ -29,48 +29,53 @@ public unsafe class Rule
 	public void Dispose()
 		=> ecs_rule_fini(this);
 
-	public Iterator Iter()
+	public RuleIterator<TContext> Iter()
-		=> new(World, IteratorType.Rule, ecs_rule_iter(World, this));
+		=> new(ecs_rule_iter(World, this));
 
 	public override string ToString()
 		=> ecs_rule_str(Handle).FlecsToStringAndFree()!;
 
-	public static implicit operator ecs_rule_t*(Rule q) => q.Handle;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_rule_t*(Rule<TContext> rule) => rule.Handle;
 
 
 	public unsafe class VariableCollection
-		: IReadOnlyCollection<Iterator.Variable>
+		: IReadOnlyCollection<Variable>
 	{
-		private readonly List<Iterator.Variable> _variables = new();
+		private readonly List<Variable> _variables = new();
-
-		public Rule Rule { get; }
 
 		public int Count => _variables.Count;
-		public Iterator.Variable? this[int index]
+		public Variable? this[int index]
 			=> _variables.Find(v => v.Index == index);
-		public Iterator.Variable? this[string name]
+		public Variable? this[string name]
 			=> _variables.Find(v => string.Equals(
 				v.Name, name, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
 
-		internal VariableCollection(Rule rule)
+		internal VariableCollection(ecs_rule_t* handle)
 		{
-			Rule = rule;
-
 			// Find the $This variable, if the rule has one.
-			var thisIndex = ecs_filter_find_this_var(ecs_rule_get_filter(Rule));
+			var thisIndex = ecs_filter_find_this_var(ecs_rule_get_filter(handle));
 			if (thisIndex >= 0) _variables.Add(new(thisIndex, "This"));
 
 			// Find all the other "accessible" variables.
-			var count = ecs_rule_var_count(Rule);
+			var count = ecs_rule_var_count(handle);
 			for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-				if ((i == thisIndex) || !ecs_rule_var_is_entity(Rule, i)) continue;
+				if ((i == thisIndex) || !ecs_rule_var_is_entity(handle, i)) continue;
-				var name = ecs_rule_var_name(Rule, i).FlecsToString()!;
+				var name = ecs_rule_var_name(handle, i).FlecsToString()!;
 				_variables.Add(new(i, name));
 			}
 		}
 
 		// IEnumerable implementation
-		public IEnumerator<Iterator.Variable> GetEnumerator() => _variables.GetEnumerator();
+		public IEnumerator<Variable> GetEnumerator() => _variables.GetEnumerator();
 		IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => _variables.GetEnumerator();
 	}
 }
+
+public unsafe class RuleIterator<TContext>
+	: Iterator<TContext>
+{
+	internal RuleIterator(ecs_iter_t value)
+		: base(value) {  }
+	public override bool Next()
+		=> ecs_rule_next(Handle);
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/System.cs

@@ -1,34 +1,37 @@
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
 public static class SystemExtensions
 {
-	public static unsafe EntityRef InitSystem(this EntityRef entity,
+	public static unsafe Entity<TContext> InitSystem<TContext>(this Entity<TContext> entity,
-		QueryDesc query, Action<Iterator> callback)
+		QueryDesc query, Action<Iterator<TContext>> callback)
 	{
 		var world = entity.World;
+		var internalCallback = (nint iter) =>
+			callback(new Iterator<TContext>((ecs_iter_t*)iter));
 		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
 		var desc = new ecs_system_desc_t {
 			entity = entity,
 			query  = query.ToFlecs(alloc),
-			binding_ctx      = (void*)CallbackContextHelper.Create((world, callback)),
+			binding_ctx      = (void*)CallbackContextHelper.Create(internalCallback),
 			binding_ctx_free = new() { Data = new() { Pointer = &FreeContext } },
 			callback         = new() { Data = new() { Pointer = &Callback } },
 		};
-		return new(world, new(ecs_system_init(world, &desc)));
+		if (ecs_system_init(world, &desc).Data == default)
+			throw new InvalidOperationException();
+		return entity;
 	}
 
+
 	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
 	private static unsafe void Callback(ecs_iter_t* iter)
-	{
+		=> CallbackContextHelper
-		var (world, callback) = CallbackContextHelper
+			.Get<Action<nint>>((nint)iter->binding_ctx)
-			.Get<(World, Action<Iterator>)>((nint)iter->binding_ctx);
+			.Invoke((nint)iter);
-		callback(new Iterator(world, null, *iter));
-	}
 
 	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
 	private static unsafe void FreeContext(void* context)

src/gaemstone.ECS/Term.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 using System;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@ public class Term
 	public Term(TermId relation, TermId target)
 		{ Relation = relation; Target = target; }
 
-	public static implicit operator Term(EntityRef entity) => new(entity);
-	public static implicit operator Term(Entity    entity) => new(entity);
-	public static implicit operator Term(IdRef id) => new(id);
-	public static implicit operator Term(Id    id) => new(id);
-
 	public Term None  { get { InOutKind = TermInOutKind.None;  return this; } }
 	public Term In    { get { InOutKind = TermInOutKind.In;    return this; } }
 	public Term Out   { get { InOutKind = TermInOutKind.Out;   return this; } }
@@ -35,9 +30,9 @@ public class Term
 
 	public ecs_term_t ToFlecs(IAllocator allocator) => new() {
 		id       = Id,
-		src      = Source?.ToFlecs(allocator) ?? default,
+		src      = Source  ?.ToFlecs(allocator) ?? default,
 		first    = Relation?.ToFlecs(allocator) ?? default,
-		second   = Target?.ToFlecs(allocator) ?? default,
+		second   = Target  ?.ToFlecs(allocator) ?? default,
 		inout    = (ecs_inout_kind_t)InOutKind,
 		oper     = (ecs_oper_kind_t)OperKind,
 		id_flags = (ecs_id_t)(ulong)Flags,
@@ -83,10 +78,6 @@ public class TermId
 		} else Name = name;
 	}
 
-	public static implicit operator TermId(EntityRef entity) => new(entity);
-	public static implicit operator TermId(Entity    entity) => new(entity);
-	public static implicit operator TermId(string name) => new(name);
-
 	public ecs_term_id_t ToFlecs(IAllocator allocator) => new() {
 		id    = Id,
 		name  = allocator.AllocateCString(Name),

src/gaemstone.ECS/Utility/Allocators.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ using System.Text;
 using System.Threading;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs.Runtime;
 
-namespace gaemstone.Utility;
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 
 public interface IAllocator
 {
@@ -15,18 +15,19 @@ public interface IAllocator
 
 public unsafe static class AllocatorExtensions
 {
+	public static Span<T> AllocateCopy<T>(this IAllocator allocator, ReadOnlySpan<T> orig) where T : unmanaged
+		{ var copy = allocator.Allocate<T>(orig.Length); orig.CopyTo(copy); return copy; }
 	public static Span<T> Allocate<T>(this IAllocator allocator, int count) where T : unmanaged
 		=> new((void*)allocator.Allocate(sizeof(T) * count), count);
 	public static void Free<T>(this IAllocator allocator, Span<T> span) where T : unmanaged
 		=> allocator.Free((nint)Unsafe.AsPointer(ref span[0]));
 
-	public static Span<T> AllocateCopy<T>(this IAllocator allocator, ReadOnlySpan<T> orig) where T : unmanaged
+	public static T* AllocateCopy<T>(this IAllocator allocator, T orig) where T : unmanaged
-		{ var copy = allocator.Allocate<T>(orig.Length); orig.CopyTo(copy); return copy; }
+		{ var ptr = allocator.Allocate<T>(); *ptr = orig; return ptr; }
-
+	public static T* Allocate<T>(this IAllocator allocator) where T : unmanaged
-	public static ref T Allocate<T>(this IAllocator allocator) where T : unmanaged
+		=> (T*)allocator.Allocate(sizeof(T));
-		=> ref Unsafe.AsRef<T>((void*)allocator.Allocate(sizeof(T)));
+	public static void Free<T>(this IAllocator allocator, T* ptr) where T : unmanaged
-	public static void Free<T>(this IAllocator allocator, ref T value) where T : unmanaged
+		=> allocator.Free((nint)ptr);
-		=> allocator.Free((nint)Unsafe.AsPointer(ref value));
 
 	public static CString AllocateCString(this IAllocator allocator, string? value)
 	{

src/gaemstone.ECS/Utility/CStringExtensions.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs.Runtime;
 
-namespace gaemstone.Utility;
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 
 public unsafe static class CStringExtensions
 {

src/gaemstone.ECS/Utility/CallbackContextHelper.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
-namespace gaemstone.Utility;
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 
 public static class CallbackContextHelper
 {

src/gaemstone.ECS/Utility/ReferenceHandle.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
+
+public unsafe readonly struct ReferenceHandle
+	: IDisposable
+{
+	public static int NumActiveHandles { get; private set; }
+
+
+	private readonly nint _value;
+
+	public object? Target => (_value != default)
+		? ((GCHandle)_value).Target : null;
+
+	private ReferenceHandle(nint value)
+		=> _value = value;
+
+	public static ReferenceHandle Alloc(object? target)
+	{
+		if (target == null) return default;
+		NumActiveHandles++;
+		return new((nint)GCHandle.Alloc(target));
+	}
+
+	public ReferenceHandle Clone()
+		=> Alloc(Target);
+
+	public void Dispose()
+	{
+		if (_value == default) return;
+		NumActiveHandles--;
+		((GCHandle)_value).Free();
+	}
+
+
+	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
+	internal static void Construct(void* ptr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
+		=> new Span<ReferenceHandle>(ptr, count).Clear();
+
+	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
+	internal static void Destruct(void* ptr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
+	{
+		var span = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(ptr, count);
+		foreach (var handle in span) handle.Dispose();
+		span.Clear();
+	}
+
+	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
+	internal static void Move(void* dstPtr, void* srcPtr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
+	{
+		var dst = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(dstPtr, count);
+		var src = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(srcPtr, count);
+		foreach (var handle in dst) handle.Dispose();
+		src.CopyTo(dst);
+		src.Clear();
+	}
+
+	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
+	internal static void Copy(void* dstPtr, void* srcPtr, int count, ecs_type_info_t* _)
+	{
+		var dst = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(dstPtr, count);
+		var src = new Span<ReferenceHandle>(srcPtr, count);
+		for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+			dst[i].Dispose();
+			dst[i] = src[i].Clone();
+		}
+	}
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/Utility/SpanExtensions.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using System;
 
-namespace gaemstone.Utility;
+namespace gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
 
 public static class SpanExtensions
 {

src/gaemstone.ECS/World+Bare.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Utility;
+using static flecs_hub.flecs;
+
+namespace gaemstone.ECS;
+
+public unsafe struct World
+	: IEquatable<World>
+	, IDisposable
+{
+	public ecs_world_t* Handle { get; }
+
+	public bool IsDeferred      => ecs_is_deferred(this);
+	public bool IsQuitRequested => ecs_should_quit(this);
+
+	public World(ecs_world_t* handle)
+		=> Handle = handle;
+
+	public World(params string[] args)
+	{
+		[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
+		static void Abort() => throw new FlecsAbortException();
+
+		ecs_os_set_api_defaults();
+		var api = ecs_os_get_api();
+		api.abort_ = new FnPtr_Void { Pointer = &Abort };
+		ecs_os_set_api(&api);
+
+		Handle = ecs_init_w_args(args.Length, null);
+	}
+
+	public bool Progress(TimeSpan delta)
+		=> ecs_progress(this, (float)delta.TotalSeconds);
+
+	public void Quit()
+		=> ecs_quit(this);
+
+	public void Dispose()
+		=> ecs_fini(this);
+
+
+	public Entity LookupAlive(Entity value)
+		=> new(ecs_get_alive(this, value));
+
+	public Entity LookupPath(EntityPath path, Entity parent = default,
+	                         bool throwOnNotFound = false)
+		=> new(EntityPath.Lookup(this, path, parent, throwOnNotFound));
+
+	// TODO: Provide overload that uses a UTF-8 byte span?
+	public Entity LookupSymbol(string symbol)
+	{
+		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
+		return new(ecs_lookup_symbol(this, alloc.AllocateCString(symbol), false));
+	}
+
+
+	public bool Equals(World other)
+	{
+		if (Handle == other.Handle) return true;
+		return ecs_get_world((ecs_poly_t*)Handle)
+			== ecs_get_world((ecs_poly_t*)other.Handle);
+	}
+	public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+		=> (obj is World other) && Equals(other);
+	public override int GetHashCode()
+		=> ((nint)ecs_get_world((ecs_poly_t*)Handle)).GetHashCode();
+
+	public static bool operator ==(World left, World right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator !=(World left, World right) => !left.Equals(right);
+
+	public static implicit operator ecs_world_t*(World w) => w.Handle;
+}

src/gaemstone.ECS/World+Lookup.cs

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
-using static flecs_hub.flecs;
-
-namespace gaemstone.ECS;
-
-public unsafe partial class World
-{
-	public EntityRef? LookupAlive(Entity value)
-		=> EntityRef.CreateOrNull(this, new(ecs_get_alive(this, value)));
-	public EntityRef LookupAliveOrThrow(Entity entity)
-		=> LookupAlive(entity) ?? throw new EntityNotFoundException(
-			$"Entity {entity} is not alive");
-
-	// TODO: Simplify method names?
-	public EntityRef? LookupByPath(EntityPath path)
-		=> LookupByPath(default, path);
-	public EntityRef? LookupByPath(Entity parent, EntityPath path)
-		=> EntityRef.CreateOrNull(this, EntityPath.Lookup(this, parent, path, false));
-	public EntityRef LookupByPathOrThrow(EntityPath path)
-		=> LookupByPathOrThrow(default, path);
-	public EntityRef LookupByPathOrThrow(Entity parent, EntityPath path)
-		=> new(this, EntityPath.Lookup(this, parent, path, true));
-
-	// TODO: Provide overload that uses a UTF-8 byte span?
-	public EntityRef? LookupBySymbol(string symbol)
-	{
-		using var alloc = TempAllocator.Use();
-		var entity = ecs_lookup_symbol(this, alloc.AllocateCString(symbol), false);
-		return EntityRef.CreateOrNull(this, new(entity));
-	}
-	public EntityRef LookupBySymbolOrThrow(string symbol)
-		=> LookupBySymbol(symbol) ?? throw new EntityNotFoundException(
-			$"Entity with symbol '{symbol}' not found");
-
-
-	public class EntityNotFoundException : Exception
-		{ public EntityNotFoundException(string message) : base(message) {  } }
-}

src/gaemstone.ECS/World.cs

@@ -1,58 +1,69 @@
 using System;
-using gaemstone.Utility;
+using gaemstone.ECS.Internal;
 using static flecs_hub.flecs;
 
 namespace gaemstone.ECS;
 
-public unsafe partial class World
+public unsafe struct World<TContext>
+	: IEquatable<World<TContext>>
+	, IDisposable
 {
-	public ecs_world_t* Handle { get; }
+	public readonly World Value;
 
-	// Flecs built-ins that are important to internals.
+	public bool IsDeferred      => Value.IsDeferred;
-	internal EntityRef ChildOf { get; }
+	public bool IsQuitRequested => Value.IsQuitRequested;
-	internal EntityRef Disabled { get; }
-
-	public bool IsDeferred => ecs_is_deferred(this);
-	public bool IsQuitRequested => ecs_should_quit(this);
 
+	public World(World value)
+		=> Value = value;
 	public World(params string[] args)
-	{
+		: this(new World(args)) {  }
-		ecs_os_set_api_defaults();
+
-		var api = ecs_os_get_api();
+	public bool Progress(TimeSpan delta) => Value.Progress(delta);
-		api.abort_ = new FnPtr_Void { Pointer = &FlecsAbortException.Callback };
+	public void Quit()    => Value.Quit();
-		ecs_os_set_api(&api);
+	public void Dispose() => Value.Dispose();
+
+
+	public EntityBuilder<TContext> New(EntityPath? path = null, Entity parent = default)
+		=> new(this, parent, path);
 
-		Handle = ecs_init_w_args(args.Length, null);
 
-		ChildOf  = LookupByPathOrThrow("/flecs/core/ChildOf");
+	public Entity<TContext>? LookupAliveOrNull(Entity value)
-		Disabled = LookupByPathOrThrow("/flecs/core/Disabled");
+		=> ECS.Entity<TContext>.GetOrNull(this, Value.LookupAlive(value));
-	}
+	public Entity<TContext> LookupAliveOrThrow(Entity value)
+		=> LookupAliveOrNull(value) ?? throw new EntityNotFoundException(
+			$"Entity '{value}' could not be found");
 
-	public void Dispose()
+	public Entity<TContext>? LookupPathOrNull(EntityPath path, Entity parent = default)
-		=> ecs_fini(this);
+		=> ECS.Entity<TContext>.GetOrNull(this, Value.LookupPath(path, parent, false));
+	public Entity<TContext> LookupPathOrThrow(EntityPath path, Entity parent = default)
+		=> ECS.Entity<TContext>.GetOrInvalid(this, Value.LookupPath(path, parent, true));
 
+	public Entity<TContext>? LookupSymbolOrNull(string symbol)
+		=> ECS.Entity<TContext>.GetOrNull(this, Value.LookupSymbol(symbol));
+	public Entity<TContext> LookupSymbolOrThrow(string symbol)
+		=> LookupSymbolOrNull(symbol) ?? throw new EntityNotFoundException(
+			$"Entity with symbol '{symbol}' could not be found");
 
-	public EntityBuilder New(EntityPath? path = null)
-		=> new(this, path);
 
-	public EntityBuilder New(EntityRef? parent, EntityPath? path = null)
+	public Entity<TContext> Entity<T>()
-	{
+		=> ECS.Entity<TContext>.GetOrThrow(this,
-		var entity = New(path);
+			Lookup<TContext>.Entity<T>.Value);
-		// If given path is absolute, the new entity won't be created as a
-		// child of the specified parent. Alternatively, EntityRef.NewChild
-		// can be used, which will throw when an absolute path is given.
-		if ((path?.IsRelative != false) && (parent != null))
-			entity.ChildOf(parent);
-		return entity;
-	}
 
+	public Id<TContext> Pair(Entity relation, Entity target)
+		=> Id<TContext>.GetOrThrow(this, Id.Pair(relation, target));
+	public Id<TContext> Pair<TRelation>(Entity target)
+		=> Pair(Entity<TRelation>(), target);
+	public Id<TContext> Pair<TRelation, TTarget>()
+		=> Pair(Entity<TRelation>(), Entity<TTarget>());
 
-	public bool Progress(TimeSpan delta)
-		=> ecs_progress(this, (float)delta.TotalSeconds);
 
-	public void Quit()
+	public bool Equals(World<TContext> other) => Value == other.Value;
-		=> ecs_quit(this);
+	public override bool Equals(object? obj) => (obj is World<TContext> other) && Equals(other);
+	public override int GetHashCode() => Value.GetHashCode();
 
+	public static bool operator ==(World<TContext> left, World<TContext> right) =>  left.Equals(right);
+	public static bool operator !=(World<TContext> left, World<TContext> right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
-	public static implicit operator ecs_world_t*(World w) => w.Handle;
+	public static implicit operator World       (World<TContext> world) => world.Value;
+	public static implicit operator ecs_world_t*(World<TContext> world) => world.Value.Handle;
 }

src/gaemstone.Utility/FlecsException.cs

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-
-namespace gaemstone.Utility;
-
-public class FlecsException
-	: Exception
-{
-	public FlecsException() : base() {  }
-	public FlecsException(string message) : base(message) {  }
-}
-
-public class FlecsAbortException
-	: FlecsException
-{
-	private readonly string _stackTrace = new StackTrace(2, true).ToString();
-	public override string? StackTrace => _stackTrace;
-
-	private FlecsAbortException()
-		: base("Abort was called by flecs") {  }
-
-	[UnmanagedCallersOnly]
-	internal static void Callback()
-		=> throw new FlecsAbortException();
-}